Senate · Republican
Patrick M. O'Connor
Data through FY2026; built October 19, 2026.
Residence
Weymouth
First elected
Senate 2016 (special)
Prior public offices
Councilor at Large, Weymouth, MA (2006-2018)
Occupation
Legislator
| Session | Chamber | District | Lines | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 189th (2015–16) | Senate | Plymouth and Norfolk | 2011 lines | |
| 190th (2017–18) | Senate | Plymouth and Norfolk | 2011 lines | |
| 191st (2019–20) | Senate | Plymouth and Norfolk | 2011 lines | |
| 192nd (2021–22) | Senate | Plymouth and Norfolk | 2011 lines | |
| 193rd (2023–24) | Senate | First Plymouth and Norfolk | 2021 lines | |
| 194th (2025–26) | Senate | First Plymouth and Norfolk | 2021 lines |
Posts and stipends
Patrick M. O'Connor was paid $400,140 in leadership and committee stipends from 2017 to 2026 (2026 to date).
| Session | Posts | First year | Second year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 189th (2015–16) | No post recorded | not available | $0 |
| 190th (2017–18) | Minority Whip | $15,000 | $15,000 |
| 191st (2019–20) | Assistant Minority Leader | $37,912 | $37,912 |
| 192nd (2021–22) | Assistant Minority Leader | $52,876 | $52,876 |
| 193rd (2023–24) | Assistant Minority Leader | $47,759 | $47,759 |
| 194th (2025–26) | Assistant Minority Leader; Ranking Minority Member, Senate and Joint Ways and Means (and 8 other committees) | $52,339 | $40,708 (to date) |
Posts: the Legislature’s leadership and roster records as compiled for this project; where those name no post, the member’s committee chair, vice-chair and ranking roles from the Legislature’s member profiles. Stipends: additional compensation in the Comptroller’s payroll data (CTHRU dataset 9ttk-7vz6), 2016–2026; 2026 is the year to date. Stipends for 2015 are not available. Base salary is not included.
The district
First Plymouth and Norfolk on its 2021 lines: 8 cities and towns, 172,503 residents (2020).
Weymouth · Marshfield · Hingham · Scituate · Duxbury · Norwell · Hull · Cohasset
Percentages are each place’s share of the district’s 2020 residents; for a town split between districts, the share of the town inside this one follows.
Population-weighted Fairness Index of the district’s cities and towns: 36 for all state aid and 52 for discretionary money (50 is a fair share).
Local earmarks are counted three ways. District money uses the first, clauses that name a place in the district; the second table adds organizations located in the district (placed in the district) and state facilities located there (everything placed). Three ways to count a local earmark.
| Session | District | Dollars | In corrective clauses | Per resident per budget, rank | Without corrective clauses, rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 189th (2015–16) | Plymouth and Norfolk | $757,000 | $0 | $4.39 · 9th of 40 | $4.39 · 9th of 40 |
| 190th (2017–18) | Plymouth and Norfolk | $1.8M | $0 | $5.14 · 13th of 40 | $5.14 · 13th of 40 |
| 191st (2019–20) | Plymouth and Norfolk | $851,000 | $0 | $2.47 · 33rd of 40 | $2.47 · 33rd of 40 |
| 192nd (2021–22) | Plymouth and Norfolk | $2.6M | $0 | $7.51 · 16th of 40 | $7.51 · 16th of 40 |
| 193rd (2023–24) | First Plymouth and Norfolk | $3.6M | $0 | $10.35 · 15th of 40 | $10.35 · 15th of 40 |
| 194th (2025–26) | First Plymouth and Norfolk | $1.4M | $0 | $8.14 · 19th of 40 | $8.14 · 19th of 40 |
District money is where enacted earmarks land, by the place a clause names, mapped to districts by 2020 population; it is not attributed to the member and does not include leadership’s base-text money that names no place. Ranks are of district money per resident among the chamber’s districts, 1 = most. “In corrective clauses” is the part carried by a Ways and Means chair’s corrective amendments, which is leadership’s money; the last column gives the per-resident figure and rank without it. Sessions are labeled by the General Court that enacted each budget. Per-resident figures use the district as drawn for each session (2011 lines through the 192nd General Court, 2021 lines from the 193rd), so they will not equal a session’s dollars divided by the resident count above.
| Session | District | Placed in the district | Per resident per budget, rank | Everything placed | Per resident per budget, rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 189th (2015–16) | Plymouth and Norfolk | $714,000 | $4.14 · 16th of 40 | $814,000 | $4.72 · 16th of 40 |
| 190th (2017–18) | Plymouth and Norfolk | $2.5M | $7.17 · 9th of 40 | $2.5M | $7.17 · 9th of 40 |
| 191st (2019–20) | Plymouth and Norfolk | $1.4M | $4.05 · 30th of 40 | $1.5M | $4.42 · 28th of 40 |
| 192nd (2021–22) | Plymouth and Norfolk | $3.3M | $9.46 · 15th of 40 | $3.4M | $9.83 · 16th of 40 |
| 193rd (2023–24) | First Plymouth and Norfolk | $6.2M | $18.09 · 7th of 40 | $6.4M | $18.46 · 7th of 40 |
| 194th (2025–26) | First Plymouth and Norfolk | $1.6M | $9.57 · 17th of 40 | $1.8M | $10.31 · 19th of 40 |
Budget amendments
Patrick M. O'Connor sponsored 283 budget amendments in FY2017–FY2026, asking for $3.94 billion in all.
Amendments sponsored
283
FY2017–FY2026 budgets
Adopted, known outcomes
32%
91 of 283
Chamber rate, same ask sizes
41%
expected at the chamber’s rates
Of the 283 with a known outcome, 91 were adopted (32%). At the chamber’s adoption rate for amendments of the same size, about 117 (41%) would have been.
| Year | Amount | Enacted budget text (excerpt) | Amendment |
|---|---|---|---|
| FY2023 | $650,000 | “implementing the low-income services solar program pursuant to section 2LLLLL of chapter 29 of the General Laws” | S4 #12 |
| FY2024 | $500,000 | “St. John the Evangelist Church in the town of Hingham to support the Free Period program to provide free feminine hygiene products to those in need” | S3 #381 |
| FY2023 | $350,000 | “the Talking Information Center, Incorporated to provide human voiced broadcasts of local news, articles and items of interest to visually-impaired…” | S4 #398 |
| FY2022 | $350,000 | “the Talking Information Center, Incorporated to provide human voiced broadcasts of local news, articles and items of interest to visually impaired…” | S3 #424 |
| FY2026 | $250,000 | “the James P. Harrington Organization, Inc. in the town of Marshfield to support health and wellness programming at Ferry Hill” | S3 #1003 |
Strong matches: 98 enacted items, $5.7 million (the member’s share where several amendments claim one clause). A further five weaker text matches are not listed; attribution is inferred from amendment text and is less certain there.
For 22 amendments the sponsor is the first mover named in the amendment text, because the Legislature’s record listed none. Ask size is the larger of the earmark dollars and the line-item change an amendment requests; bands: no dollar amount, under $50,000, $50,000–$250,000, $250,000–$1 million, $1–5 million, $5 million or more. Leadership’s unattributed base-text and corrective-amendment money is never assigned to a member. The comparison describes outcomes; it is not a measure of merit.
Bills sponsored
Patrick M. O'Connor filed 636 bills as lead sponsor in these sessions; 14 were enacted on their own. In completed sessions, 3% of their lead bills were enacted on their own, against chamber medians of 1% to 4% for the same sessions.
Most bills die in every legislature, and many policies pass inside other bills; the chamber median for the same session is the fair comparison.
| Session | Chamber | Lead bills | Enacted | Folded into an enacted bill | Sent to study | Reported favorably, then died | Reported adversely or withdrawn | No action | Pending (session open) | History not available | Enacted rate | Chamber median | Cosponsored |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 189th (2015–16) | Senate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | no bills filed | 4% | 9 |
| 190th (2017–18) | Senate | 68 | 3 | 0 | 51 | 11 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4% | 3% | 332 |
| 191st (2019–20) | Senate | 147 | 4 | 3 | 105 | 27 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3% | 3% | 686 |
| 192nd (2021–22) | Senate | 149 | 2 | 1 | 103 | 36 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1% | 2% | 582 |
| 193rd (2023–24) | Senate | 134 | 4 | 2 | 75 | 48 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 3% | 1% | 559 |
| 194th (2025–26) | Senate | 138 | 1 | 1 | 79 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 57 | 0 | 1%* | 1% | 286 |
Enacted bills as lead sponsor
- S2086 (190th): An Act exempting the position of police captain in the Town of Hull from the civil service law · Chapter 118 of the Acts of 2017
- S22 (190th): An Act authorizing the trustees of the bathing beach in the town of Hingham to enter into a lease for the operation of the bathhouse facility and surrounding grounds · Chapter 19 of the Acts of 2017
- S2582 (190th): An Act authorizing the commissioner of capital asset management and maintenance and the town of Hingham to grant certain easements upon certain land located in the town of Hingham · Chapter 215 of the Acts of 2018
- S2230 (191st): An Act authorizing certain investments by the treasurer of the town of Cohasset · Chapter 12 of the Acts of 2020
- S2242 (191st): An Act relative to the procedure for municipal acceptance of subdivision roads in the town of Hingham · Chapter 17 of the Acts of 2020
- S2787 (191st): An Act establishing a sick leave bank for Charlotte Charest, an employee of the Middlesex Probate and Family Court · Chapter 158 of the Acts of 2020
- S2915 (191st): An Act authorizing the town of Scituate to use certain conservation land for general municipal purposes · Chapter 364 of the Acts of 2020
- S2588 (192nd): An Act renaming the board of selectmen in the town of Hingham to the select board · Chapter 37 of the Acts of 2022
- S2706 (192nd): An Act renaming the Board of Selectmen in the town of Cohasset to the Select Board and making certain other related gender-neutral changes · Chapter 56 of the Acts of 2022
- S1921 (193rd): An Act authorizing the town of Norwell to establish a means tested senior citizen property tax exemption · Chapter 101 of the Acts of 2024
- S2424 (193rd): An Act authorizing the town of Scituate to appoint retired police officers as special police officers · Chapter 41 of the Acts of 2023
- S2553 (193rd): An Act to provide for the continuance of the town of Hingham's senior means-tested property tax exemption · Chapter 31 of the Acts of 2024
- S2715 (193rd): An Act amending the charter of the town of Marshfield to make references to the board of selectmen gender neutral · Chapter 374 of the Acts of 2024
- S2577 (194th): An Act relative to parking fines in the town of Scituate · Chapter 148 of the Acts of 2026
Outcomes are the furthest point each bill reached in the record. “Folded into an enacted bill” means the history names the enacted bill that absorbed it. “Passed both branches; no chapter recorded” means the bill was enacted by both branches and laid before the Governor, with no chapter or veto in the history; in the 194th General Court such bills are shown as laid before the Governor (pending). The 194th General Court is in session until January 2027, so its open bills are pending, not dead, and its rates (*) are not comparable with completed sessions. Chairs and leaders control the calendar, which raises their rates. Source: malegislature.gov bill histories.
Recorded votes on accountability measures
Patrick M. O'Connor cast 68 yes-or-no votes on the 71 accountability roll calls in this file (62 yes, six no, three for a named candidate).
| Date | Measure | Vote | Chamber result |
|---|---|---|---|
| January 26, 2017 | Senate engrossment of the pay-raise bill | No | Yeas 31, nays 9 |
| February 2, 2017 | Amendment 2.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Matters considered in an informal session | Yes | Yeas 38, nays 0 |
| February 2, 2017 | Amendment 3.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Time to consider matters in an informal | Yes | Yeas 39, nays 0 |
| February 2, 2017 | Amendment 7.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Provided with text of bills prior to poll | Yes | Yeas 39, nays 0 |
| February 2, 2017 | Special orders by majority instead of two-thirds (contested meaning) | Yes | Yeas 6, nays 33 |
| February 2, 2017 | Amendment 11.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Unanimous consent | Yes | Yeas 6, nays 33 |
| February 2, 2017 | Amendment 13.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Timely Local Aid Notification | Yes | Yeas 7, nays 32 |
| February 2, 2017 | Senate override of the veto of the pay-raise bill | No | Yeas 31, nays 9 |
| January 31, 2019 | Amendment 1.1 (Bruce E. Tarr): Posting of Committee Roll Call Votes | Yes | Yeas 39, nays 0 |
| January 31, 2019 | Amendment 1.0 (Walter F. Timilty): Improving Access to Records | Yes | Yeas 39, nays 0 |
| January 31, 2019 | Amendment 2.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Informal Session | Yes | Yeas 39, nays 0 |
| January 31, 2019 | Amendment 3.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Conference Committee Report | Yes | Yeas 8, nays 31 |
| January 31, 2019 | Amendment 11.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Audit of accounts | Yes | Yeas 39, nays 0 |
| not available | Joint rules (S9), rules package: question on acceptance of the report (contested meaning) | Yes | Yeas 39, nays 0 |
| January 31, 2019 | Amendment 1.0 (Diana DiZoglio): Non disclosure agreements | Yes | Yeas 39, nays 0 |
| January 31, 2019 | Amendment 7.1 (Rebecca L. Rausch): anti-harassment and assault | Yes | Yeas 39, nays 0 |
| January 31, 2019 | Amendment 5.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Numbers of bills considered at a hearing | Yes | Yeas 8, nays 31 |
| January 31, 2019 | Amendment 17.0 (Ryan C. Fattman): Matters considered in an informal session | Yes | Yeas 6, nays 33 |
| January 31, 2019 | Amendment 25.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Unanimous consent | Yes | Yeas 6, nays 33 |
| not available | Senate rules (S8), rules package: question on acceptance of the report (contested meaning) | Yes | Yeas 39, nays 0 |
| not available | Senate President election (contested meaning) | Voted for Bruce E. Tarr | not available |
| February 11, 2021 | Amendment 3.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Members receiving SWM GAA recommendation | Yes | Yeas 4, nays 35 |
| February 11, 2021 | Amendment 6.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Unanimous consent to go past midnight | Yes | Yeas 6, nays 34 |
| February 11, 2021 | Amendment 7.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Going past 10 pm | Yes | Yeas 6, nays 34 |
| February 11, 2021 | Amendment 8.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Successive formal sessions | Yes | Yeas 6, nays 34 |
| February 11, 2021 | Amendment 15.0 (Diana DiZoglio): Anti-harassment and bystander intervention training | Yes | Yeas 10, nays 29 |
| February 11, 2021 | Amendment 20.0 (Diana DiZoglio): Amendments to other appropriations bills | Yes | Yeas 5, nays 34 |
| February 11, 2021 | Accessibility; adopted 39-0 (contested meaning) | Yes | Yeas 39, nays 0 |
| February 11, 2021 | Supplier diversity; adopted 39-0 (contested meaning) | Yes | Yeas 39, nays 0 |
| February 11, 2021 | Amendment 42.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Consideration of further and redrafted amendments | Yes | Yeas 7, nays 32 |
| February 11, 2021 | Amendment 44.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Hearings | Yes | Yeas 6, nays 33 |
| February 11, 2021 | Amendment 49.0 (Ryan C. Fattman): Adoption amendment - Rule 24 | Yes | Yeas 5, nays 34 |
| February 11, 2021 | Minority Leader appointments to committees (partisan allocation) (contested meaning) | Yes | Yeas 4, nays 35 |
| February 11, 2021 | Amendment 24.0 (Diana DiZoglio): Notice of legislative matters | Yes | Yeas 5, nays 34 |
| February 11, 2021 | Amendment 1.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): New items on the calendar | Yes | Yeas 5, nays 34 |
| February 11, 2021 | Amendment 1.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Filing of conference committee report | Yes | Yeas 6, nays 33 |
| February 11, 2021 | Amendment 14.0 (James B. Eldridge): Lengthening public notice period for legislative hearings | Yes | Yeas 39, nays 0 |
| not available | Senate President election (contested meaning) | Voted for Bruce E. Tarr | not available |
| February 9, 2023 | Amendment 1.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Successive Legislative Days | Yes | Yeas 4, nays 34 |
| February 9, 2023 | Amendment 2.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Time of recess for consideration of new matters | Yes | Yeas 5, nays 33 |
| February 9, 2023 | Amendment 5.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Going past 10 pm | Yes | Yeas 4, nays 34 |
| February 9, 2023 | Amendment 6.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Unanimous consent to go past midnight | Yes | Yeas 4, nays 34 |
| February 9, 2023 | Amendment 10.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Manner of how member voted | Yes | Yeas 5, nays 33 |
| February 9, 2023 | Amd 23 (Rodrigues) strikes Rule 11B, the 8-year term limit on the Senate President; adopted 32-6 | No | Yeas 32, nays 6 |
| February 9, 2023 | Strike remote-participation rules 57C/57D (contested meaning) | Yes | Yeas 3, nays 35 |
| February 9, 2023 | Remote voting conditions (contested meaning) | Yes | Yeas 4, nays 34 |
| February 9, 2023 | Senate rules (S17), rules package: question on acceptance of the report (contested meaning) | Yes | Yeas 37, nays 1 |
| February 9, 2023 | Amendment 1.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Filing of Conference Committee Report | Yes | Yeas 4, nays 35 |
| February 9, 2023 | Amendment 12.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Adding a Minority Report | Yes | Yeas 3, nays 36 |
| not available | Joint rules (S18), rules package: question on acceptance of the report (contested meaning) | Yes | Yeas 39, nays 0 |
| not available | Senate President election (contested meaning) | Voted for Bruce E. Tarr | not available |
| February 12, 2025 | Amendment 2.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Number of bills to be heard | Yes | Yeas 5, nays 33 |
| February 12, 2025 | Amendment 9.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Minority conference committee report | Yes | Yeas 6, nays 32 |
| February 12, 2025 | Amendment 10.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): 48 Hours for conference committee reports | Yes | Yeas 5, nays 33 |
| February 12, 2025 | Amendment 13.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Timeline for review of conference committee reports | Yes | Yeas 6, nays 32 |
| February 12, 2025 | Amendment 22.0 (John F. Keenan): Considering Conference Reports | Yes | Yeas 9, nays 29 |
| February 12, 2025 | Amendment 26.0 (John F. Keenan): Preventing Unjustified Financial Gain for Members and Their Familes | Yes | Yeas 38, nays 0 |
| February 12, 2025 | Amendment 29.0 (John F. Keenan): Limiting Joint Committee Extensions | Yes | Yeas 6, nays 32 |
| not available | Joint rules (S15), rules package: question on passing the bill to be engrossed (contested meaning) | Yes | Yeas 39, nays 0 |
| February 13, 2025 | In-person voting conditions (contested meaning) | No | Yeas 5, nays 32 |
| February 13, 2025 | Amendment 36.0 (John F. Keenan): Continuing Beyond Midnight | Yes | Yeas 6, nays 31 |
| February 13, 2025 | Shorten period in which a matter can be laid on the table (dilatory motions) (contested meaning) | Yes | Yeas 5, nays 33 |
| February 13, 2025 | Amendment 10.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Going past 10PM | Yes | Yeas 6, nays 32 |
| February 13, 2025 | Amendment 19.0 (Ryan C. Fattman): Virtual vote designation | Yes | Yeas 6, nays 31 |
| February 13, 2025 | Legislative days for Rule 24 (dilatory motions) (contested meaning) | Yes | Yeas 6, nays 32 |
| February 13, 2025 | Senate rules (S19), rules package: question on acceptance of the report (contested meaning) | Yes | Yeas 39, nays 0 |
| June 26, 2025 | Joint rules (conference report) (S2545), rules package: question on acceptance of conference committee report (contested meaning) | Yes | Yeas 40, nays 0 |
| May 28, 2026 | S.3104 resolutions limiting the Senate's response to the Auditor to the SJC-defined 4 requests; no votes 5 Republicans + Montigny; contested (contested meaning) | No | Yeas 33, nays 6 |
| July 30, 2026 | Press shield amendment to S.3200; adopted 40-0; not about the Legislature's records (contested meaning) | Yes | Yeas 40, nays 0 |
| July 30, 2026 | Amd 18 (Tarr): apply the public records law to the General Court more fully | Yes | Yeas 6, nays 33 |
| July 30, 2026 | Senate passage of H.5469 34-6; no votes 5 Republicans + Montigny (too weak); contested (contested meaning) | No | Yeas 34, nays 6 |
Votes marked “contested meaning” are rules-package and public-records passage votes; reform advocates were on both sides of them. Descriptions are the project’s plain summaries of each question, or the question as recorded for rules-package roll calls; the official record is on malegislature.gov. Votes are facts; no score is computed.
Campaign money in
Patrick M. O'Connor’s committee reported $583,000 in contributions of $250 or more in years the member served, 2015–2026.
| Year | Contributions |
|---|---|
| 2015 | $39,000 |
| 2016 | $93,000 |
| 2017 | $20,000 |
| 2018 | $93,000 |
| 2019 | $23,000 |
| 2020 | $66,000 |
| 2021 | $31,000 |
| 2022 | $79,000 |
| 2023 | $44,000 |
| 2024 | $49,000 |
| 2025 | $36,000 |
| 2026 | $10,000 |
| Kind | Total | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Individuals | $413,000 | 71% |
| Political committees and PACs | $153,000 | 26% |
| Unions and associations | $17,000 | 3% |
| Employer reported | Share |
|---|---|
| A named employer | 67% |
| Self-employed | 17% |
| Retired | 9% |
| Not employed | 1% |
| Homemaker or at home | 3% |
| Not reported or withheld | 3% |
Not counted as contributions: $93,000 in other receipts of $250 or more in the same years (candidate loans and the candidate’s own money, transfers, refunds, bank interest and aggregated small receipts).
| Employer or organization | Kind | Total | Contributions |
|---|---|---|---|
| REPUBLICAN STATE COMMITTEE | committee or PAC | $43,000 | 6 |
| L STAR | individuals, by employer | $20,000 | 21 |
| MARLBOROUGH REPCC | committee or PAC | $6,900 | 6 |
| C AND C ADVISORS | individuals, by employer | $6,250 | 7 |
| ATLANTIC MECHANICAL | individuals, by employer | $6,250 | 11 |
| MA & NORTHERN NE LABORERS' DISTRICT COUNCIL POL ACTION COMM | committee or PAC | $6,000 | 12 |
| DUNKIN DONUTS | individuals, by employer | $5,450 | 13 |
| MARINA BAY MANAGEMENT | individuals, by employer | $5,000 | 8 |
| WILLIAM RAVEIS | individuals, by employer | $5,000 | 1 |
| RETIRED PUBLIC EMPLOYEES PAC | committee or PAC | $4,600 | 10 |
Source: Office of Campaign and Political Finance, itemized receipts of $250 or more since 2015; OCPF filer record: O'Connor Committee (CPF 16317). Individuals are grouped by the employer they reported; no individual contributor is named, and an employer field that is a person’s name is withheld. Massachusetts bars business contributions to candidates. Employer shows affiliation, not instruction.
Sources
Every figure traces to a public record.
- Massachusetts Legislature, members, districts and roll calls
- Budget amendments and enacted budgets, FY2017–FY2026
- CTHRU payroll, Office of the Comptroller (stipends)
- Office of Campaign and Political Finance
- District lines: Acts of 2011 and 2021; Census 2020 block populations
- Official profile (prior offices, occupation)
- Election statistics (first elected, residence)
Facts only: posts, stipends, sponsored amendments, enacted items, roll-call votes and district money. No score or grade is computed. Associations shown here are not evidence of cause. Method.