Senate · Democrat

Brendan P. Crighton

Current member · Third Essex

Data through FY2026; built October 19, 2026.

Residence

Lynn

First elected

House 2014; Senate 2005 (official profile lists service from 2005; earliest electionstats win 2018)

Prior public offices

Lynn City Councilor-At-Large, 2014-2016; Ward 5 Lynn City Councilor, 2010-2014

Occupation

Legislator

Seats held, General Courts 189–194 (the FY2017–FY2026 budgets)
Session	Chamber	District	Lines	Note
189th (2015–16)	House	11th Essex	2011 lines
190th (2017–18)	House	11th Essex	2011 lines
190th (2017–18)	Senate	Third Essex	2011 lines	moved from the House to the Senate
191st (2019–20)	Senate	Third Essex	2011 lines
192nd (2021–22)	Senate	Third Essex	2011 lines
193rd (2023–24)	Senate	Third Essex	2021 lines
194th (2025–26)	Senate	Third Essex	2021 lines

Brendan P. Crighton appears in both chambers in the 190th General Court: the seat changed during the session.

Posts and stipends

Brendan P. Crighton was paid $381,182 in leadership and committee stipends from 2018 to 2026 (2026 to date).

Posts and stipends by session (stipends by calendar year)
Session	Posts	First year	Second year
189th (2015–16)	No post recorded	not available	$0
190th (2017–18)	Chair, Joint Committee on Municipalities and Regional Government; Vice chair, Joint Committee on Housing	$0	$14,995
191st (2019–20)	Chair, Joint Committee on Housing; Vice chair, Joint Committee on Economic Development and Emerging Technologies	$21,881	$21,881
192nd (2021–22)	Chair, Joint Committee on Transportation; Vice chair, Senate Committee on Personnel and Administration	$39,993	$39,993
193rd (2023–24)	Chair, Senate Committee on Juvenile and Emerging Adult Justice; Vice chair, Senate Committee on Personnel and Administration	$61,404	$61,404
194th (2025–26)	Chair, Joint Committee on Transportation; Chair, Senate Committee on Juvenile and Emerging Adult Justice	$67,293	$52,339 (to date)

Posts: the Legislature’s leadership and roster records as compiled for this project; where those name no post, the member’s committee chair, vice-chair and ranking roles from the Legislature’s member profiles. Stipends: additional compensation in the Comptroller’s payroll data (CTHRU dataset 9ttk-7vz6), 2016–2026; 2026 is the year to date. Stipends for 2015 are not available. Base salary is not included.

The district

Third Essex on its 2021 lines: 6 cities and towns, 181,758 residents (2020).

Lynn 56% · Saugus 16% · Marblehead 11% · Swampscott 8% · Lynnfield 7% · Nahant 2%

Percentages are each place’s share of the district’s 2020 residents; for a town split between districts, the share of the town inside this one follows.

Population-weighted Fairness Index of the district’s cities and towns: 53 for all state aid and 38 for discretionary money (50 is a fair share).

Local earmarks are counted three ways. District money uses the first, clauses that name a place in the district; the second table adds organizations located in the district (placed in the district) and state facilities located there (everything placed). Three ways to count a local earmark.

District money, first measure: enacted earmarks in clauses naming a place in the district, by session (district money, not the member’s)
Session	District	Dollars	In corrective clauses	Per resident per budget, rank	Without corrective clauses, rank
189th (2015–16)	11th Essex	$586,000	$0	$13.52 · 5th of 160	$13.52 · 5th of 160
190th (2017–18)	11th Essex	$1.1M	$3,955	$12.16 · 5th of 160	$12.12 · 4th of 160
190th (2017–18)	Third Essex	$2.2M	$0	$6.00 · 6th of 40	$6.00 · 6th of 40
191st (2019–20)	Third Essex	$2.1M	$0	$5.85 · 9th of 40	$5.85 · 8th of 40
192nd (2021–22)	Third Essex	$3.9M	$0	$10.80 · 8th of 40	$10.80 · 8th of 40
193rd (2023–24)	Third Essex	$3.8M	$0	$10.42 · 14th of 40	$10.42 · 14th of 40
194th (2025–26)	Third Essex	$1.8M	$0	$9.73 · 14th of 40	$9.73 · 14th of 40

District money is where enacted earmarks land, by the place a clause names, mapped to districts by 2020 population; it is not attributed to the member and does not include leadership’s base-text money that names no place. Ranks are of district money per resident among the chamber’s districts, 1 = most. “In corrective clauses” is the part carried by a Ways and Means chair’s corrective amendments, which is leadership’s money; the last column gives the per-resident figure and rank without it. Sessions are labeled by the General Court that enacted each budget. Per-resident figures use the district as drawn for each session (2011 lines through the 192nd General Court, 2021 lines from the 193rd), so they will not equal a session’s dollars divided by the resident count above.

The same district on the other two measures, by session (enacted; includes any corrective-clause money)
Session	District	Placed in the district	Per resident per budget, rank	Everything placed	Per resident per budget, rank
189th (2015–16)	11th Essex	$272,000	$6.28 · 40th of 160	$586,000	$13.52 · 9th of 160
190th (2017–18)	11th Essex	$427,000	$4.92 · 73rd of 160	$1.1M	$12.16 · 12th of 160
190th (2017–18)	Third Essex	$1.3M	$3.52 · 33rd of 40	$2.2M	$6.00 · 16th of 40
191st (2019–20)	Third Essex	$1.6M	$4.29 · 27th of 40	$2.3M	$6.24 · 15th of 40
192nd (2021–22)	Third Essex	$4.6M	$12.79 · 7th of 40	$5.4M	$14.74 · 8th of 40
193rd (2023–24)	Third Essex	$4.4M	$12.05 · 17th of 40	$5.1M	$14.00 · 16th of 40
194th (2025–26)	Third Essex	$1.9M	$10.52 · 14th of 40	$2.2M	$11.93 · 17th of 40

Budget amendments

Brendan P. Crighton sponsored 304 budget amendments in FY2017–FY2026, asking for $140 million in all.

Amendments sponsored

304

FY2017–FY2026 budgets

Adopted, known outcomes

41%

123 of 302

Chamber rate, same ask sizes

45%

expected at the chamber’s rates

Of the 302 with a known outcome, 123 were adopted (41%). At the chamber’s adoption rate for amendments of the same size, about 137 (45%) would have been.

Largest enacted items matched to an amendment Brendan P. Crighton filed (strong text matches)
Year	Amount	Enacted budget text (excerpt)	Amendment
FY2026	$1.2M	“Roca. Inc.'s young mothers experiencing acute trauma pilot program”	S3 #559
FY2024	$950,000	“the RecoveryWorks program at Massachusetts General Hospital to assist individuals in recovery as they seek to enter, return to or shift careers by:…”	S3 #406
FY2025	$900,000	“the metropolitan beaches in the cities of Lynn, Revere and Quincy, the towns of Nahant and Hull, the city known as the town of Winthrop and the East…”	S4 #37
FY2023	$900,000	“the metropolitan beaches in the cities of Lynn, Revere, Winthrop and Quincy, the East Boston, South Boston and Dorchester sections of the city of…”	S4 #105
FY2021	$900,000	“the metropolitan beaches in Lynn, Nahant, Revere, Winthrop, East Boston, South Boston, Dorchester, Quincy and Hull to be fully maintained and…”	S4 #171

Strong matches: 93 enacted items, $14.6 million (the member’s share where several amendments claim one clause). A further one weaker text match is not listed; attribution is inferred from amendment text and is less certain there. House attribution is inferred throughout, because the House adopts most amendments inside consolidated amendments.

19 outcomes are inferred by matching amendment text to the House’s consolidated amendments, because the House records most amendments only as “Consolidated A–G.” For 13 amendments the sponsor is the first mover named in the amendment text, because the Legislature’s record listed none. Ask size is the larger of the earmark dollars and the line-item change an amendment requests; bands: no dollar amount, under $50,000, $50,000–$250,000, $250,000–$1 million, $1–5 million, $5 million or more. Leadership’s unattributed base-text and corrective-amendment money is never assigned to a member. The comparison describes outcomes; it is not a measure of merit.

Bills sponsored

Brendan P. Crighton filed 305 bills as lead sponsor in these sessions; nine were enacted on their own. In completed sessions, 3% of their lead bills were enacted on their own, against chamber medians of 1% to 7% for the same sessions.

Most bills die in every legislature, and many policies pass inside other bills; the chamber median for the same session is the fair comparison.

Bills filed as lead sponsor, by session and outcome
Session	Chamber	Lead bills	Enacted	Folded into an enacted bill	Sent to study	Reported favorably, then died	Reported adversely or withdrawn	No action	Pending (session open)	Enacted rate	Chamber median	Cosponsored
189th (2015–16)	House	7	0	0	4	2	0	1	0	0%	6%	71
190th (2017–18)	Senate	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no bills filed	3%	5
190th (2017–18)	House	17	2	0	12	2	0	1	0	12%	7%	183
191st (2019–20)	Senate	52	2	3	22	17	3	5	0	4%	3%	339
192nd (2021–22)	Senate	73	0	0	32	30	6	5	0	0%	2%	248
193rd (2023–24)	Senate	77	3	1	28	44	0	1	0	4%	1%	184
194th (2025–26)	Senate	79	2	0	33	0	1	0	43	3%*	1%	102

Enacted bills as lead sponsor

H4265 (190th): An Act authorizing the commissioner of Capital Asset Management and Maintenance to convey a certain parcel of land in the city of Lynn to the Neighborhood Development Associates, Inc · Chapter 189 of the Acts of 2018
H4268 (190th): An Act amending the authorization for the exchange of an easement in the control of the Department of Conservation and Recreation to facilitate a project important to the economic development of the city of Lynn · Chapter 169 of the Acts of 2018
S2301 (191st): An Act establishing a sick leave bank for Marilyn O’Neil, an employee of the Executive Office of Public Safety and Security · Chapter 60 of the Acts of 2019
S2816 (191st): An Act authorizing the Division of Capital Asset Management and Maintenance to grant an easement to the City of Lynn · Chapter 304 of the Acts of 2020
S2652 (193rd): An Act increasing the term of office for select board members in the town of Marblehead from 1 year to 3 years · Chapter 53 of the Acts of 2024
S2936 (193rd): An Act amending the charter of the city of Lynn · Chapter 203 of the Acts of 2024
S411 (193rd): An Act relative to the order of candidates' names on the town of Marblehead town election ballots · Chapter 10 of the Acts of 2023
S23 (194th): An Act enabling the appointment of alternates to the Swampscott Conservation Commission · Chapter 63 of the Acts of 2025
S2528 (194th): An Act authorizing the town of Marblehead to amend chapter 37 of the acts of 2004: Parking violations in the town of Marblehead · Chapter 59 of the Acts of 2025

Outcomes are the furthest point each bill reached in the record. “Folded into an enacted bill” means the history names the enacted bill that absorbed it. “Passed both branches; no chapter recorded” means the bill was enacted by both branches and laid before the Governor, with no chapter or veto in the history; in the 194th General Court such bills are shown as laid before the Governor (pending). The 194th General Court is in session until January 2027, so its open bills are pending, not dead, and its rates (*) are not comparable with completed sessions. Chairs and leaders control the calendar, which raises their rates. Source: malegislature.gov bill histories.

Recorded votes on accountability measures

Brendan P. Crighton cast 81 yes-or-no votes on the 84 accountability roll calls in this file (25 yes, 56 no, three for a named candidate).

Roll calls on rules, audits, public records, term limits and pay
Date	Measure	Vote	Chamber result
January 25, 2017	Recommit the 2017 pay-raise bill (H.58) to Ways and Means	No	Yeas 35, nays 125
January 25, 2017	Amd 3 (Lyons): legislators' raise not effective until next General Court	No	Yeas 40, nays 120
January 25, 2017	Amd 5 (Lyons): cap the increases at 4%	No	Yeas 36, nays 124
January 25, 2017	Engrossment of the pay-raise bill (stipend increases)	Yes	Yeas 116, nays 44
January 26, 2017	Enactment of the pay-raise bill	Yes	Yeas 116, nays 43
February 2, 2017	Override of Gov. Baker's veto of the pay-raise bill	Yes	Yeas 116, nays 43
February 2, 2017	Amendment 1.0 (Geoff Diehl): Text of the proposed House amendment (Representative Diehl) to the House Bill relative to Rank and File (House, No. 2017)	No	Yeas 34, nays 124
February 2, 2017	Sustain the Chair's ruling (point of order, Mr. Mark) against Diehl amd 2, Speaker term limits	Yes	Yeas 123, nays 33
February 2, 2017	Amendment 3.0 (Bradley H. Jones, Jr.): 24 Hour Time Frame for Bills to Be Acted On	No	Yeas 35, nays 124
February 2, 2017	Amendment 4.0 (Bradley H. Jones, Jr.): Access to Information	No	Yeas 35, nays 124
February 2, 2017	Amendment 9.0 (Bradley H. Jones, Jr.): Emergency Scheduling of Hearings	No	Yeas 38, nays 121
February 2, 2017	Amendment 10.0 (Bradley H. Jones, Jr.): Equal Representation on Ethics Committee	No	Yeas 35, nays 124
February 2, 2017	Amendment 15.0 (Bradley H. Jones, Jr.): Inoculators	No	Yeas 37, nays 122
February 2, 2017	Amendment 16.0 (Bradley H. Jones, Jr.): Local Aid Resolution	No	Yeas 38, nays 121
February 2, 2017	Amendment 27.0 (James J. Lyons, Jr.): Defining and Limiting Informal Session	No	Yeas 34, nays 124
February 2, 2017	Amendment 20.0 (Shaunna L. O'Connell): Public access to House financial accounts audits	No	Yeas 34, nays 125
February 2, 2017	Amendment 21.0 (Shaunna L. O'Connell): Public access to committee votes	No	Yeas 41, nays 118
February 2, 2017	Amendment 5.0 (Bradley H. Jones, Jr.): Local Aid Resolution	No	Yeas 37, nays 122
February 2, 2017	Amendment 11.0 (Bradley H. Jones, Jr.): Committee Roll Calls on Website	No	Yeas 38, nays 121
February 2, 2017	Amendment 13.0 (Bradley H. Jones, Jr.): Reports of Conference Filing Deadline	No	Yeas 37, nays 122
February 2, 2017	Amendment 14.0 (Shaunna L. O'Connell): Public access to committee votes	No	Yeas 38, nays 121
January 31, 2019	Amendment 1.1 (Bruce E. Tarr): Posting of Committee Roll Call Votes	Yes	Yeas 39, nays 0
January 31, 2019	Amendment 1.0 (Walter F. Timilty): Improving Access to Records	Yes	Yeas 39, nays 0
January 31, 2019	Amendment 2.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Informal Session	Yes	Yeas 39, nays 0
January 31, 2019	Amendment 3.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Conference Committee Report	No	Yeas 8, nays 31
January 31, 2019	Amendment 11.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Audit of accounts	Yes	Yeas 39, nays 0
not available	Joint rules (S9), rules package: question on acceptance of the report (contested meaning)	Yes	Yeas 39, nays 0
January 31, 2019	Amendment 1.0 (Diana DiZoglio): Non disclosure agreements	Yes	Yeas 39, nays 0
January 31, 2019	Amendment 7.1 (Rebecca L. Rausch): anti-harassment and assault	Yes	Yeas 39, nays 0
January 31, 2019	Amendment 5.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Numbers of bills considered at a hearing	No	Yeas 8, nays 31
January 31, 2019	Amendment 17.0 (Ryan C. Fattman): Matters considered in an informal session	No	Yeas 6, nays 33
January 31, 2019	Amendment 25.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Unanimous consent	No	Yeas 6, nays 33
not available	Senate rules (S8), rules package: question on acceptance of the report (contested meaning)	Yes	Yeas 39, nays 0
not available	Senate President election (contested meaning)	Voted for Karen E. Spilka	not available
February 11, 2021	Amendment 3.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Members receiving SWM GAA recommendation	No	Yeas 4, nays 35
February 11, 2021	Amendment 6.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Unanimous consent to go past midnight	No	Yeas 6, nays 34
February 11, 2021	Amendment 7.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Going past 10 pm	No	Yeas 6, nays 34
February 11, 2021	Amendment 8.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Successive formal sessions	No	Yeas 6, nays 34
February 11, 2021	Amendment 15.0 (Diana DiZoglio): Anti-harassment and bystander intervention training	No	Yeas 10, nays 29
February 11, 2021	Amendment 20.0 (Diana DiZoglio): Amendments to other appropriations bills	No	Yeas 5, nays 34
February 11, 2021	Accessibility; adopted 39-0 (contested meaning)	Yes	Yeas 39, nays 0
February 11, 2021	Supplier diversity; adopted 39-0 (contested meaning)	Yes	Yeas 39, nays 0
February 11, 2021	Amendment 42.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Consideration of further and redrafted amendments	No	Yeas 7, nays 32
February 11, 2021	Amendment 44.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Hearings	No	Yeas 6, nays 33
February 11, 2021	Amendment 49.0 (Ryan C. Fattman): Adoption amendment - Rule 24	No	Yeas 5, nays 34
February 11, 2021	Minority Leader appointments to committees (partisan allocation) (contested meaning)	No	Yeas 4, nays 35
February 11, 2021	Amendment 24.0 (Diana DiZoglio): Notice of legislative matters	No	Yeas 5, nays 34
February 11, 2021	Amendment 1.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): New items on the calendar	No	Yeas 5, nays 34
February 11, 2021	Amendment 1.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Filing of conference committee report	No	Yeas 6, nays 33
February 11, 2021	Amendment 14.0 (James B. Eldridge): Lengthening public notice period for legislative hearings	Yes	Yeas 39, nays 0
not available	Senate President election (contested meaning)	Voted for Karen E. Spilka	not available
February 9, 2023	Amendment 1.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Successive Legislative Days	No	Yeas 4, nays 34
February 9, 2023	Amendment 2.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Time of recess for consideration of new matters	No	Yeas 5, nays 33
February 9, 2023	Amendment 5.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Going past 10 pm	No	Yeas 4, nays 34
February 9, 2023	Amendment 6.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Unanimous consent to go past midnight	No	Yeas 4, nays 34
February 9, 2023	Amendment 10.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Manner of how member voted	No	Yeas 5, nays 33
February 9, 2023	Amd 23 (Rodrigues) strikes Rule 11B, the 8-year term limit on the Senate President; adopted 32-6	Yes	Yeas 32, nays 6
February 9, 2023	Strike remote-participation rules 57C/57D (contested meaning)	No	Yeas 3, nays 35
February 9, 2023	Remote voting conditions (contested meaning)	No	Yeas 4, nays 34
February 9, 2023	Senate rules (S17), rules package: question on acceptance of the report (contested meaning)	Yes	Yeas 37, nays 1
February 9, 2023	Amendment 1.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Filing of Conference Committee Report	No	Yeas 4, nays 35
February 9, 2023	Amendment 12.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Adding a Minority Report	No	Yeas 3, nays 36
not available	Joint rules (S18), rules package: question on acceptance of the report (contested meaning)	Yes	Yeas 39, nays 0
not available	Senate President election (contested meaning)	Voted for Karen E. Spilka	not available
February 12, 2025	Amendment 2.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Number of bills to be heard	No	Yeas 5, nays 33
February 12, 2025	Amendment 9.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Minority conference committee report	No	Yeas 6, nays 32
February 12, 2025	Amendment 10.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): 48 Hours for conference committee reports	No	Yeas 5, nays 33
February 12, 2025	Amendment 13.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Timeline for review of conference committee reports	No	Yeas 6, nays 32
February 12, 2025	Amendment 22.0 (John F. Keenan): Considering Conference Reports	No	Yeas 9, nays 29
February 12, 2025	Amendment 26.0 (John F. Keenan): Preventing Unjustified Financial Gain for Members and Their Familes	Yes	Yeas 38, nays 0
February 12, 2025	Amendment 29.0 (John F. Keenan): Limiting Joint Committee Extensions	No	Yeas 6, nays 32
not available	Joint rules (S15), rules package: question on passing the bill to be engrossed (contested meaning)	Yes	Yeas 39, nays 0
February 13, 2025	In-person voting conditions (contested meaning)	No	Yeas 5, nays 32
February 13, 2025	Amendment 36.0 (John F. Keenan): Continuing Beyond Midnight	No	Yeas 6, nays 31
February 13, 2025	Shorten period in which a matter can be laid on the table (dilatory motions) (contested meaning)	No	Yeas 5, nays 33
February 13, 2025	Amendment 10.0 (Bruce E. Tarr): Going past 10PM	No	Yeas 6, nays 32
February 13, 2025	Amendment 19.0 (Ryan C. Fattman): Virtual vote designation	No	Yeas 6, nays 31
February 13, 2025	Legislative days for Rule 24 (dilatory motions) (contested meaning)	No	Yeas 6, nays 32
February 13, 2025	Senate rules (S19), rules package: question on acceptance of the report (contested meaning)	Yes	Yeas 39, nays 0
June 26, 2025	Joint rules (conference report) (S2545), rules package: question on acceptance of conference committee report (contested meaning)	Yes	Yeas 40, nays 0
May 28, 2026	S.3104 resolutions limiting the Senate's response to the Auditor to the SJC-defined 4 requests; no votes 5 Republicans + Montigny; contested (contested meaning)	Yes	Yeas 33, nays 6
July 30, 2026	Press shield amendment to S.3200; adopted 40-0; not about the Legislature's records (contested meaning)	Yes	Yeas 40, nays 0
July 30, 2026	Amd 18 (Tarr): apply the public records law to the General Court more fully	No	Yeas 6, nays 33
July 30, 2026	Senate passage of H.5469 34-6; no votes 5 Republicans + Montigny (too weak); contested (contested meaning)	Yes	Yeas 34, nays 6

Votes marked “contested meaning” are rules-package and public-records passage votes; reform advocates were on both sides of them. Descriptions are the project’s plain summaries of each question, or the question as recorded for rules-package roll calls; the official record is on malegislature.gov. Votes are facts; no score is computed.

Campaign money in

Brendan P. Crighton’s committee reported $224,000 in contributions of $250 or more in years the member served, 2015–2026.

By year (years in the Legislature)
Year	Contributions
2015	$5,350
2016	$11,000
2017	$27,000
2018	$29,000
2019	$13,000
2020	$6,800
2021	$27,000
2022	$26,000
2023	$17,000
2024	$19,000
2025	$26,000
2026	$17,000

By kind of contributor
Kind	Total	Share
Individuals	$119,000	53%
Political committees and PACs	$89,000	40%
Unions and associations	$16,000	7%

Individuals’ money by the employer they reported
Employer reported	Share
A named employer	57%
Self-employed	21%
Retired	9%
Not employed	6%
Homemaker or at home	3%
Not reported or withheld	4%

Not counted as contributions: $95,000 in other receipts of $250 or more in the same years (candidate loans and the candidate’s own money, transfers, refunds, bank interest and aggregated small receipts).

Largest employers and organizations
Employer or organization	Kind	Total	Contributions
MA & NORTHERN NE LABORERS' DISTRICT COUNCIL POL ACTION COMM	committee or PAC	$6,000	12
RETIRED PUBLIC EMPLOYEES PAC	committee or PAC	$6,000	12
BEACON HEALTH STRATEGIES	individuals, by employer	$5,000	5
MASSINC	individuals, by employer	$5,000	5
1199 SEIU MA PAC	committee or PAC	$4,000	8
MA ASSOC OF REALTORS POL ACTION COMM - MA RPAC	committee or PAC	$3,400	9
NEW CAR DEALER POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE	committee or PAC	$3,000	6
PEABODY PROPERTIES	individuals, by employer	$3,000	5
LOCAL 509 SERVICE EMPLOYEES INT'L UNION COMM ON POL ED MA WORKERS' POL ACTION COMM	committee or PAC	$2,750	6
GALLAGHER BASSET SERVICES	individuals, by employer	$2,750	5

Source: Office of Campaign and Political Finance, itemized receipts of $250 or more since 2015; OCPF filer record: Crighton Committee (CPF 15782). Individuals are grouped by the employer they reported; no individual contributor is named, and an employer field that is a person’s name is withheld. Massachusetts bars business contributions to candidates. Employer shows affiliation, not instruction.

Sources

Every figure traces to a public record.

Facts only: posts, stipends, sponsored amendments, enacted items, roll-call votes and district money. No score or grade is computed. Associations shown here are not evidence of cause. Method.